CONTENTS

PART I

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PREFACE
Notes on Transliteration and Pronunciation 9
CHAPTER I
Upper Armenia or the Province of Garin (Erzurum) 13
CHAPTER II
The Origin and Location of Garin 16
CHAPTER III
The Armenians of Garin 19

PART II

CHAPTER I
General Remarks 22
CHAPTER II
Subordinate Districts of Garin 24
The District of Garin 24
Pasen 25
Tbrtum 26
Khenus 27
Bayazid 28
Kfeghi 28
Papert 29
Yerzenga 30
Gisgim 31

PART III

CHAPTER I
Religions and Sanctuaries 32
CHAPTER II
Churches of Garin 35
The Armenian (Apostolic) Church 35
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The Armenian Catholic Church 36
The Armenian Protestant Church 37
The Greek Orthodox Church 37
Other Denominations 38
CHAPTER III
Ancient Shrines 39
Surp Tbros 39
Surp Sahag and Surp Hovsep’ 39
Surp Minas 39
Vafvafa Guys 40
Surp Barkevadu 40
Nahadagafs Daban 40
Surp Neshan 40
CHAPTER IV
Monasteries of the Garin District 42
Surp Lusavorich Monastery 43
Khachgavank’ Monastery 43
Garmir Vank’ Monastery 44
CHAPTER V
Prominent Personalities of the Armenian Church 47
CHAPTER VI
Prominent Armenian Catholic Personalities 54
CHAPTER VII
The Mgkhifarist Fathers 57
CHAPTER VIII
Distinguished Primates 60
CHAPTER IX
Ancient Historic Buildings 65

PART IV

CHAPTER I
The Popular Dialect of Garin 68
CHAPTER II
The Popular Poetry of Garin 70
Menis 70
Proverbs and Sayings 71
Blessings 72
Curses 72
Riddles 72
CHAPTER III
Literature and Miniatures 74
CHAPTER IV
Songs, Dances, and Dance-Songs 78
CHAPTER V
Choral Groups and Orchestras 83
CHAPTER VI
The Press 85
CHAPTER VII
Libraries and Museums 88
CHAPTER VIII
Reading Rooms and Forums 90
CHAPTER IX
The Theatre and Cinema 92
CHAPTER X
Architecture and Sculpture 94
CHAPTER XI
Arts and Professions 95
CHAPTER XII
Commerce, Agriculture, and Animal Husbandry 96

PART V

EDUCATION
General Remarks 98
CHAPTER I
«National» Schools 99
Ardzgnian School 99
Getronagan School 99
Surp Tarkmanchafs School 100
HeTip’simian School 100
Mesgrlian School 100
Aghabalian School 101
Der Azarian School 101
Kavafian School 101
CHAPTER II
The Sanasarian School 102
CHAPTER III
Educators in the National Schools 109
CHAPTER IV
Other Schools 113
The Catholic Boys’ School 113
The Catholic Girls’ School 113
The French Lycee 113
The Protestant Boys’ School 114
The Protestant Girls’ School 114
Number of Students in Armenian Schools 114

PART VI

CHAPTER I
Family Structure, Hospitality, and the Role of Women 116
CHAPTER II
Childbirth and Baptism 118
CHAPTER III
Name Day Celebrations 120
CHAPTER IV
Marriage 121
CHAPTER V
Penaghon 127
CHAPTER VI
Baking Bread 129
CHAPTER VII
The Wash 131
CHAPTER VIII
Going to the Bath 132
CHAPTER IX
Vacations and Pilgrimages 134
CHAPTER X
Visitations 136
CHAPTER XI
Lenten Customs 137
CHAPTER XII
Vijag 140
CHAPTER XIII
Apeghat’ogh 142
CHAPTER XIV
New Year Celebrations 143
CHAPTER XV
Recreational and Other Customs 146

PART VII

CHAPTER I
The Revolutionary Awakening 149
CHAPTER II
Societies and Unions 154
CHAPTER III
Incidents and Heroic Battles 160
CHAPTER IV
Heroic Personalities 167
CHAPTER V
Other Outstanding Personalities of Upper Armenia 181
CHAPTER VI
Armenian Political Parties 185
The Henchagian Social Democratic Party 185
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation 185
The Ramgavar (Democratic) Party 186
PART VIII
CHAPTER I
The Armenian National Administration of Garin 187
CHAPTER II
National Administrative Bodies 192
CHAPTER III
Well-known Families 194
CHAPTER IV
Professional Men of Garin 202
Lawyers 202
Physicians 204
Dentists 205
Pharmacists 205
Engineers 207
Civil Servants 207
Wealthy Merchants 208
CHAPTER V
Performing and Creative Artists 210
CHAPTER VI
Writers 215
Scholars and Diplomatic and Political Workers 215
Editors and Writers in the Social, Political,
and Cultural Fields 219
Writers of Memoirs and Autobiographical Works 220
Writers of Fiction and Poetry 221
CHAPTER VII
Distinguished Persons of Garin Ancestry in Soviet Armenia
and the Caucasus 225
PART IX
The Deportation of Gariners 231
PARTX
Garin in the Years 1916 to 1918 245
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PART XI
The Dispersion of Gariners 255
The Natives of Garin in the Diaspora 255
The Compatriotic Unions of Garin in the Diaspora 256
GLOSSARY 263
BIBLIOGRAPHY 269